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Dunash ben Labrat
Dunash ben Labrat


Dunash ben Labrat, often known as Rabbi Adonim Halevi (920-990) laid the foundations for the greatest post-biblical period of Hebrew poetry by expressing Jewish traditions in Arabic verse forms. Dunash was best known for his poetry — of which little unfortunately remains — but it was his religious and grammarian disputes that furnish our fragmentary biographical information. Medieval Spain, both Muslim and Christian, was generally tolerant of religious minorities, though Jews were often massacred in wars between Muslims and Christians and between contending Muslim states. Dunash was born in Fès and probably served as a rabbi in the great city of learning, Cordoba. Dunash'a works include the Shabbat song Dror Yikra and Dvai Hasair, the (now) traditional preface to birkat hamazon at weddings.


Spanish Hebrew poetry
Spanish Hebrew poetry


The secular Hebrew poetry of Spain is often seen as its golden age — this literary greatness being shared with Islamic science and Christian theology. Poets like Yehuda Halevi (1086-1145), Samuel HaNagid (993-1056), Solomon ibn Gvirol (1021-?1070) and Moses ibn Ezra (1055-?1135) produced a great wealth of poetry that employed linguistic virtuosity, Hebrew learning and Arabic idioms/images in a deeply personal style. Most were court poets retained by the Jewish aristocracy, or members of that aristocracy, and their poetry has the Arab celebration of the senses with a sombre religiosity and sense of man's sinfulness. The themes are deeply varied: war and all its exultations and terrors, love and the fleeting nature of passion, desolating grief, injustice, the follies of human nature and our mortality.


Hebrew poetry
Hebrew poetry


Hebrew, an ancient Semitic language, largely written today as it was some 3000 years ago, is the medium of a long and rich tradition of poetry. Its greatest period is the classical (1150-150 BC), where the characteristics of parallelism and terseness were used to create hymns, prayers, songs, lamentations and aphorisms, as Old Testament readers will know. Poetry of the Piyyut (500-800 AD) period was more liturgical, but in Muslim Spain secular poetry had its great flowering. Hebrew poetry has often adopted the metrical forms of surrounding cultures, and these in Spain were qasida, rubaiyat (quatrains) and muwashshah (girdle or love poem).
Hebrew poetry has retained its characteristics in all periods, until perhaps the present, when contemporary Israeli writing and poetry dealing with the holocaust and current politics employs free verse and everyday or enigmatic images.


Books and Internet resources
Hebrew poetry Internet resourcesature resources


Outside the pay-for encyclopedias, Internet sources do not match those in book form, or even the summary and bibliography to be found in The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (1993). Moreover, Medieval Hebrew is a specialist field, and accounts of its poetry tend to be scholarly e.g. A. Schippers' Spanish Hebrew Poetry, N. Roth's Deal gently with the young mna, and R. Scheindlin's Wine, Women and Death and The Gazelle. Hebrew literature sources are listed at Haifa University, Mount Scopus Library, and the Jewish National and University Library. There are many popular poetry translations, however, e.g. those by T. Carmi, B. Lewis, Kovak and Jospe, K. Brook and P. Cole. A little history will help, of medieval Spain and the Jewish people. Good listings of resources on medieval Spain are found at Jewish medieval history and Spanish medieval history. Much more extensive for Jewish concerns is Judaism and Jewish Resources, which also lists Hebrew language courses and centres.


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